Veterinary researchers at USask are helping to protect the public from Lyme Disease, carried by ticks.
Lyme disease is an emerging microbial threat that is the most common tick-borne illness in the northern hemisphere.
Dr. Maarten Voordouw, is an assistant professor and researcher at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM) at the University of Saskatchewan (USask).
He says, “As we have seen with COVID-19, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease is likely an underestimate of the true number of people infected with the disease.”
In 2018, Canada reported about 1,500 cases of Lyme disease while the United States had 30,000 cases. But according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the true number of cases is about 10 times higher.
The disease is transmitted to people and animals through bites of infected ticks.
Voordouw says, “Lyme disease, if left undiagnosed, is a chronic disease that makes your life extremely miserable.”
Most people experience mild, flu-like symptoms soon after being bitten. They may also develop a bull’s eye rash and muscle and joint pain. If left untreated, Lyme disease can become a chronic condition characterized by facial paralysis, arthritis and joint pain as well as neurological and cardiac disorders. In dogs affected by Lyme disease, typical symptoms include limb and joint disorders as well as renal, neurological and cardiac abnormalities.
An infected tick must be attached for 12 to 24 hours before transmission of the bacterium can occur.
In 2020, researchers in the WCVM’s Department of Veterinary Microbiology stepped up to help the Saskatchewan Health Authority with its tick surveillance workload.
This year, the passive surveillance work will be solely through eTick, an online program that provides Saskatchewan residents with timely information about their tick bites. eTick allows submitters to receive a prompt message with information about the tick species (or genus), associated health risks and guidance on what to do after a tick bite. The platform also allows researchers to monitor ticks in Saskatchewan and assess the risk of Lyme disease to residents.
In 2020, Saskatchewan recorded 11 blacklegged ticks out of 2,000 tick submissions to eTick.
“Compared to the rest of Canada, the risk of Lyme disease to Saskatchewan residents is low because the abundance of the blacklegged tick in Saskatchewan is low,” said Voordouw.
In 2020, more than 95 per cent of the ticks found in Saskatchewan were the American dog tick (Dermacentor variablis) that cannot transmit Lyme disease. Although this tick species is known to transmit other tick-borne disease in the U.S. — such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia — the pathogens that cause these diseases (Rickettsia rickettsii and Francisella tularensis) have not yet been detected in Saskatchewan populations of the American dog tick.
While there are no known established, reproducing populations of the blacklegged tick in Saskatchewan, it is important to continue monitoring their status.
“While these ticks are currently not common in Saskatchewan, this situation can change in the next 10 to 15 years,” said Voordouw, adding that birds migrating from the U.S. bring Ixodes ticks into Canada. “When these birds return to Canada in the spring, they can bring as many as 175 million blacklegged ticks with them.”
Voordouw said the number of cases throughout the country has increased a lot and will continue to increase: “[In the early 2000s] we saw less than 100 cases of Lyme disease in all of Canada, and now we are above 1,000 cases per year.”
“Compared to other provinces in Canada, the risk of Lyme disease in Saskatchewan is still low, but it is important to recognize that the risk is not zero.”
*Photo: Dr. Maarten Voordouw, an assistant professor and researcher at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM) at the University of Saskatchewan (USask). (Credit: Christina Weese)
